PDS_VERSION_ID          = PDS3
LABEL_REVISION_NOTE     = "2004-10-1, Initial"
RECORD_TYPE             = STREAM
OBJECT                  = TEXT
  PUBLICATION_DATE      = 2004-09-30
  NOTE                  = "CASSINI VIMS ARCHIVE DVD"
END_OBJECT              = TEXT
END


CASSINI VIMS ARCHIVE DVD


1. Introduction


A detailed mission overview is described in the catalog/mission.cat file.
The Cassini spacecraft was launched in October 1997 bound for Saturn.
The VIMS instrument is one of twelve instruments on the primary spacecraft.
It takes spectral images in 352 different colors at the same time, with
wavelengths between 300 and 5100 nm.  The VIMS observational sequences
are planned by the VIMS Science Team members using the detour software
(not included in this archive). The primary science goal of the VIMS
instrument is to perform spectral mapping to study the composition and
structure of surfaces, atmospheres and rings.

This DVD contains the Cassini VIMS (Visual and Infrared Mapping
Spectrometer) data products. The VIMS products archived on this DVD
are the same products delivered by the project to the VIMS science team.
Supporting documentation and label files conform to the Planetary Data
Systems (PDS) Standards Reference, August 2003, Version 3.6, JPL D-7669,
Part 2.  The dpsis.txt, archsis.txt, and inst.cat files contain more
detailed descriptions of the VIMS instrument, its capabilities and its
data products.

Multiple peer reviews have been performed during preparation of this
archive to ensure that the data and documentation are of the best possible
quality. All errors and inconsistencies known at the time of production
of this DVD are listed in the errata.txt file.  Should any user of this
product find an error on this volume, please report the error to the JPL
Imaging Node contact listed in this file so the finding may be made public.
The JPL Imaging Node will maintain an online list of errata where errors
and updates are documented.

New data will be added on subsequent volumes as they become available.
This volume, COVIMS_0049, includes all available spectrometer files with
start times (SCET) in the interval 2011-09-14T02:54:46.476 through
2011-09-30T11:51:46.655.


KEY THINGS TO KNOW IN USING DATA ON THIS DISK:
General information about the dataset can be found in dataset.cat.
Specific information about a *.qub data file is listed in its
detached label file *.lbl, located in the same subdirectory as
the *.qub data file.


  All data files are stored in the "DATA" branch of the directory tree
  by spacecraft clock.

All data files on this DVD are described by PDS-required detached labels
(*.lbl).  The software files are the only exception to this rule and
documentation to this effect is found in the errata.txt file.


2. Disk Format

The DVD is formatted so that a variety of computer systems (e.g.,
IBM PC, Macintosh, Sun) may access the data. Specifically, the
DVD format is ISO 9660 level 1 with a UDF Bridge.


3. File Formats

The data files on this volume are ASCII text and binary files.  All data
files are described by detached PDS labels.  A detached label file has the
same name as the data file that it describes, but with the extension *.lbl.
For example, the file V1293863946_2.qub is accompanied by the detached
label file V1293863946_2.lbl in the same directory.

All document files and all label files have lines with a carriage return
(ASCII 13) and a line feed character (ASCII 10) at the end of the record.
This allows the files to be read by MacOS, DOS, Windows, UNIX, and VMS
operating systems.  UNIX system users will see an unnecessary carriage
return character (^M) at the end of each line.  Mac users will see an
unnecessary line feed character (^J) at the start of each line.

ASCII tabular data files (.tab) are formatted so that they may be read
directly into many database management systems (DBMS) or spreadsheet
programs on various computers.

PDS labels are object-oriented.  The object to which the label refers
(e.g., series, table, etc.) is denoted by a statement of the form:


     ^object = location


in which the caret character (^, also called a pointer in this context)
indicates that the object starts at the given location.  Each location is
an offset in 512 byte blocks from the start of the file.

VIMS data is stored in cube files, with extension .QUB (named for the
PDS QUBE object).  Each file consists of an embedded ISIS label of
ASCII text in keyword=value form (also called a header) which describes
the two objects that follow it: the HISTORY object and the QUBE object.
(The embedded label has mostly the same information as the *detached*
PDS label, but differs from it in detail.)  The description of the
QUBE object contains all necessary information to manipulate the cube
dataplanes, sideplanes and backplanes, including the format of each
pixel, how to recognize missing and saturated data, and which
engineering values are included.  (See dpsis.txt for details.)

The HISTORY object contains ASCII text describing the manipulation of
the cube from its raw state through its calibration.  The calibration
pipeline will populate the history records of the cube as it modifies
the cube.

The QUBE object, whose structure is detailed in the label, is a
3-dimensional array of uncalibrated VIMS data numbers with two spatial
dimensions and a spectral dimension, optionally extended in two axes
with engineering data.  The array is stored in band-interleaved-by-line
order:  Cassini X-axis position, VIMS wavelength, Cassini Z-axis position.
As defined in the latest NAIF frames kernel, X increases rightward and
Z increases downward.   If the calibration software is applied, the
data numbers are converted to specific intensity or I/F, depending on
which switches are applied.

It may be helpful to think of the cube of VIMS data as a collection
of images in the first and third dimensions, and simultaneously as a
collection of spectra in the second dimension, a spectrum at each
spatial point.

The extensions on the two inner axes form sideplanes of background
values and "backplanes" of other engineering data.  If specified in the
calibration pipeline, backplanes may be added which contain geometric
parameters such as latitude and longitude corresponding to each pixel of
the data images.

For more information, see the dpsis.txt file in the document directory.

Cubes may be stored in the archive either as packed or unpacked data.
Packed data is usually the result of needing to pack several data cubes
together in order to pass information through the VIMS compressor on the
spacecraft.  Packed data is packed "downward", growing in the +Z
direction, in order to associate background values in the sideplanes
with the data correctly.  Differently sized cubes may be packed in
different amounts into data cubes depending on the cube lengths and
widths.  OCCULTATION mode cubes are special in that they are packed
in both the X and Z dimensions, that is both in length and width,
into an effective 64x64 sized cube.  POINT mode cubes are packed into
a 1x64 sized cube.

By default, any cube with spatial extent, that is any cube that is
greater in extent than 1x1, will be unpacked before it is stored in
the archive.  These cubes will have the same sclk time name as the
original, unpacked cube, except that they will have appended to the
name _nnn, where nnn is the number of the cube in time order extracted
from the packed cube.  So a packed cube containing 8 cubes would be
extracted into 8 cubes, named v<sclk>_V#_001, v<scllk>_V#_002, ...
v<sclk>V#_008, where v stands for VIMS, V# is the version number, and
001, 002, etc. are the numbers of the unpacked cubes in time order.
Each cube header will be adjusted internally to reflect the actual
start time of the cube.

POINT mode cubes and OCCULTATION mode cubes will be unpacked by the
calibration software as it runs, and then repacked into calibrated
packed cubes.  The archive will not store unpacked cubes in this
case because in the case of OCCULTATION mode cubes, each cube would
expand into 4096 cubes, and each POINT mode cube would expand into
64 cubes.  Clearly this is unwieldy for the file system.
If the header shows that the PACKING_FLAG = "ON", then in order to
calibrate the cubes, the cubes will need to be unpacked.  As
described earlier, the archive will consist of unpacked cubes,
except for POINT mode cubes and OCCULTATION mode cubes, which will
be calibrated in a packed state by the calibration software.


Software

The software in the software directory is provided to calibrate the raw
data cubes on this volume.  The calibration routine uses the files in
the /calib directory as input.  The output of the calibration routines will
be corresponding data cubes where the data numbers will be reduced
to I/F.  For mathematical definition of I/F, please see the caldoc.txt
file.

Software for analyzing the resulting calibrated cubes is not provided in
this archive.  The VIMS ground operations team does not recommend any
particular software for data analysis but will list here some software
that has been observed in use for such analysis.  Research Systems, based
in Boulder, Colorado, supports two products that have been used for VIMS
data analysis.  These products are IDL (Interactive Data Language) and
ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images).  The ISIS system (Integrated
Software for Imagers and Spectrometers) is used in the VIMS calibration
pipeline and is also useful in the analysis of VIMS data.  ISIS is provided
by the USGS-Flagstaff.  Other analysis software includes "davinci" from
Arizona State University, IRAF (Image Reduction and Anaysis Facility) from
the National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO), "tetracorder" from
the USGS-Denver and "pw", also from ASU.


4. Volume Contents

This section describes the volume structure and naming conventions.
Below is a tree diagram of the DVD, followed by a description of the
directory function and key files in each directory.


          /---   Root directory
           |
           |---  aareadme.txt Describes volume contents, organization
           |                  and DVD use (this file).
           |
           |---  errata.txt   Describes known anomalies or caveats in
           |                  the data or on this DVD.
           |
           |---  voldesc.cat  A description of the contents of this DVD
           |                  volume in a format that is readable by both
           |                  humans and computers.
           |
           |--- /calib        A directory containing all the input
           |        |         files necessary to calibrate a raw
           |        |         VIMS cube.
           |        |
           |        |-calinfo.txt         Description of files in the
           |        |                            calib directory.
           |        |
           |        |-example_kernels.def        Example kernels list for
           |        |                            geometric backplane
           |        |                            calculation.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_flatfield.lbl           Detached label for the
           |        |                            ir_nyquist_flatfield.qub.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_flatfield.qub           Data cube used by the
           |        |                            calibration routine to
           |        |                            flatfield or normalize
           |        |                            the pixels of a VIMS cube
           |        |                            taken in the NORMAL mode
           |        |                            with respect to the bore
           |        |                            sight
           |        |
           |        |-ir_flatfield_ss.lbl        Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_flatfield_ss.qub        Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_hires_flatfield.lbl     Detached label for the
           |        |                            ir_nyquist_flatfield.qub
           |        |
           |        |-ir_hires_flatfield.qub     Data cube used by the
           |        |                            calibration routine to
           |        |                            flatfield or normalize
           |        |                            the pixels of a VIMS cube
           |        |                            taken in the HIRES mode
           |        |                            with respect to the bore
           |        |                            sight
           |        |
           |        |-ir_hires_flatfield_ss.lbl  Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_hires_flatfield_ss.qub  Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_nyquist_flatfield.lbl   Detached label for the
           |        |                            ir_nyquist_flatfield.qub
           |        |
           |        |-ir_nyquist_flatfield.qub   Data cube used by the
           |        |                            calibration routine to
           |        |                            flatfield or normalize
           |        |                            the pixels of a VIMS cube
           |        |                            taken in the NYQUIST mode
           |        |                            with respect to the bore
           |        |                            sight
           |        |
           |        |-ir_nyquist_flatfield_ss.lbl  Same as above, but for
           |        |                              spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_nyquist_flatfield_ss.qub  Same as above, but for
           |        |                              spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_perf.lbl                Detached label for the
           |        |                            ir_perf.qub
           |        |
           |        |-ir_perf.qub                Data cube used by the
           |        |                            calibration routine to
           |        |                            convert detector counts to
           |        |                            photons at the detector.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_perf_ss.lbl             Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-ir_perf_ss.qub             Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-solar.lbl                  Detached label for the
           |        |                            solar.qub
           |        |
           |        |-solar.qub                  Data cube used by the
           |        |                            calibration routine to
           |        |                            remove solar color
           |        |                            response from the
           |        |                            VIMS data
           |        |
           |        |-solar_ss.lbl               Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-solar_ss.qub               Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_flatfield.lbl          Detached label for the
           |        |                            vis_flatfield.qub
           |        |
           |        |-vis_flatfield.qub          Data cube used by the
           |        |                            calibration routine to
           |        |                            flatfield or normalize
           |        |                            the pixels of a VIMS cube
           |        |                            taken in the NORMAL mode
           |        |                            with respect to the bore
           |        |                            sight
           |        |
           |        |-vis_flatfield_ss.lbl       Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_flatfield_ss.qub       Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_hires_dark_model.lbl   Detached label for the
           |        |                            vis_hires_dark_model
           |        |                            table
           |        |
           |        |-vis_hires_dark_model.tab   Table of slope/intercept
           |        |                            values for the high
           |        |                            resolution vis dark model.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_hires_flatfield.lbl    Detached label for the
           |        |                            vis_hires_flatfield.qub.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_hires_flatfield.qub    Data cube used by the
           |        |                            calibration routine to
           |        |                            flatfield or normalize
           |        |                            the pixels of a VIMS cube
           |        |                            taken in the HIRES mode
           |        |                            with respect to the bore
           |        |                            sight.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_hires_flatfield_ss.lbl Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_hires_flatfield_ss.qub Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_lowres_dark_model.lbl  Detached label for the
           |        |                            vis_lowres_dark_model
           |        |                            table.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_lowres_dark_model.tab  Table of slope/intercept
           |        |                            values for the low
           |        |                            resolution vis dark model.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_perf.lbl               Detached label for the
           |        |                            vis_perf.qub.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_perf.qub               Data cube used by the
           |        |                            calibration routine to
           |        |                            convert detector counts to
           |        |                            photons at the detector.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_perf_ss.lbl            Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-vis_perf_ss.qub            Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-wavecal.lbl                Detached label for the
           |        |                            wavecal.qub.
           |        |
           |        |-wavecal.qub                Consult caldoc.txt.
           |        |
           |        |-wavecal_ss.lbl             Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-wavecal_ss.qub             Same as above, but for
           |        |                            spectrally summed data.
           |        |
           |        |-/example_occ_data          Directory containing
           |        |        |                   example occultation
           |        |        |                   data before and
           |        |        |                   after calibration.
           |        |        |
           |        |        |-cal_instruct      Command file used for
           |        |        |                   calibration.
           |        |        |
           |        |        |-V*.QUB            The 10 uncalibrated cubes
           |        |        |
           |        |        |-CM_*.cub          The 10 calibrated cubes
           |        |
           |        |-/example_data              Directory containing
           |                 |                   example data before and
           |                 |                   after calibration.
           |                 |
           |                 |-cal_instruct      Command file used for
           |                 |                   calibration.
           |                 |
           |                 |-example_cubes     A list of the cubes and
           |                 |                   which sequence and
           |                 |                   request each came from.
           |                 |
           |                 |-V*.QUB            The 10 uncalibrated cubes
           |                 |
           |                 |-CM_*.cub          The 10 calibrated cubes
           |
           |
           |--- /catalog      Information on data sets and how they are
           |        |         processed and produced.  Also contains
           |        |         information regarding Cassini, the
           |        |         instrument covered by this volume,
           |        |         personnel involved, and references from
           |        |         various documents including those
           |        |         contained in the catalog directory.
           |        |
           |        |- catinfo.txt    Description of files in the
           |        |                 catalog directory.
           |        |
           |        |- dataset.cat    PDS dataset catalog object. A
           |        |                 description of the dataset,
           |        |                 parameters, processing, data
           |        |                 coverage and quality.
           |        |
           |        |-inst.cat        Cassini VIMS instrument
           |        |                 description.
           |        |
           |        |-insthost.cat    Cassini Spacecraft
           |        |                 description.
           |        |
           |        |-mission.cat     Cassini Mission to Saturn
           |        |                 description and goals.
           |        |
           |        |-person.cat      Personnel associated with the
           |        |                 Cassini VIMS data set
           |        |                 and archive.
           |        |
           |        |-ref.cat         References associated with the
           |        |                 information.
           |        |
           |        |-software.cat    VIMS calibration software
           |        |                 descriptions and Users' Guide
           |        |                 information.
           |
           |
           |--- /data         Contains all data in a branching tree
           |        |         structure of subdirectories.  Sub-
           |        |         directory names are based on space-
           |        |         craft ephemeris time (SCET) and file
           |        |         names are based on spacecraft clock
           |        |         time values (SCLK)
           |        |
           |        |-start_end       Data subdirectory containing
           |              |           files between the start time
           |              |           in the format of YYYYDOYtHHMMSS
           |              |           and the end time in the same
           |              |           format of YYYYDOYtHHMMSS
           |              |
           |              |-Vnnnnnnnnnn_v.qub   VIMS data cube(s) for
           |              |                     SCLK start time
           |              |                     nnnnnnnnnn version v
           |              |
           |              |-Vnnnnnnnnnn_v.lbl   VIMS data cube labels
           |
           |--- /document      A directory containing document files
           |        |          relating to this disk
           |        |
           |        |-docinfo.txt     Description of files in the
           |        |                 document directory
           |        |
           |        |-archsis.txt     ASCII text file describing the
           |        |                 format and layout of this archive
           |        |
           |        |-dpsis.txt       ASCII text file describing the
           |                          format and layout of the VIMS
           |                          data cubes
           |
           |--- /index        Contains an index of PDS label files for
           |        |         all data archived on the DVD and on the
           |        |         volume set to date
           |        |
           |        |-indxinfo.txt    Description of files in the index
           |        |                 directory
           |        |
           |        |-index.tab       Tabular summary of data files
           |        |
           |        |-index.lbl       A PDS detached label describing
           |        |                 the index.tab
           |        |
           |        |-cumindex.tab    Tabular summary of all data files
           |        |                 on all volumes
           |        |
           |        |-cumindex.lbl    A PDS detached label describing
           |                          the cumindex.tab
           |
           |--- /label        Contains include files which describe the
           |        |         VIMS data cubes
           |        |
           |        |-labinfo.txt              Description of the files in
           |        |                          the label directory
           |        |
           |        |-band_bin_center.fmt      Description of the spectra.
           |        |                          BAND_BIN_CENTER for each
           |        |                          band is the central wave-
           |        |                          length of that band.  The
           |        |                          wavelengths are numbered
           |        |                          1,2,...n and are measured
           |        |                          in micrometers
           |        |
           |        |-core_description.fmt     Description of the maximums
           |        |                          minimums, etc of the core
           |        |                          data
           |        |
           |        |-suffix_description.fmt   Description of the maximums
           |                                   minimums, etc of the suffix
           |                                   data
           |
           |--- /software      The necessary software routines, both
                    |          source code and scripts to calibrate the
                    |          raw VIMS cubes
                    |
                    |-softinfo.txt    Description of the files in the
                    |                 software directory
                    |
                    |--- /doc  Directory containing documentation on how
                    |      |   to use the calibration software
                    |      |
                    |      |-caldoc.txt  Instructions on how to run the
                    |                    calibration software
                    |
                    |--- /bin  Directory containing compiled code
                    |      |
                    |      |--- /cube_prep
                    |      |
                    |      |--- /ir_bg
                    |      |
                    |      |--- /ir_bg_sub
                    |      |
                    |      |--- /mark_saturated
                    |      |
                    |      |--- /make_dark.sav
                    |
                    |--- /lib          Directory containing the shareware
                    |      |           library software
                    |      |
                    |      |-ppvl_10_1.zip   This Zip file contains a
                    |      |                 program that is used in
                    |      |                 the pipeline to allow users
                    |      |                 to view and change ISIS
                    |      |                 header information
                    |      |
                    |      |--- /ppvl_1_10   Directory containing the PPVL
                    |               |        software.
                    |               |
                    |               |-libPPVL.a      PPLV Linux library
                    |               |
                    |               |-Makefile
                    |               |
                    |               |-Makefile.sun
                    |               |
                    |               |-PIRL_strings.c
                    |               |
                    |               |-PIRL_strings.h
                    |               |
                    |               |-PPVL.c
                    |               |
                    |               |-PPVL.h
                    |               |
                    |               |-PPVL-README
                    |               |
                    |               |-PPVL_report    PPVL_report Linux exe
                    |               |
                    |               |-PPVL_report.c
                    |               |
                    |               |-PPVL_selections.c
                    |               |
                    |               |-PPVL_selections.h
                    |               |
                    |               |-RANLIB.csh
                    |               |
                    |               |-README
                    |               |
                    |               |--- /doc        Man pages for PPVL
                    |                      |         software
                    |                      |
                    |                      |-PPVL.3
                    |                      |
                    |                      |-PPVL_get_PDS_EOL.3
                    |                      |
                    |                      |-PPVL_report.1
                    |                      |
                    |                      |-PPVL_selections.3
                    |
                    |
                    |--- src    Main source code directory
                          |
                          |--- c        C source code directory
                          |    |
                          |    |--- cube_prep
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-bp_trans.c
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-cube_prep.c
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-makefile
                          |    |
                          |    |--- ir_bg
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-error.h
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-fit.c
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-ir_bg.c
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-makefile
                          |    |
                          |    |--- ir_bg_sub
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-ir_bg_sub.c
                          |    |        |
                          |    |        |-makefile
                          |    |
                          |    |-- mark_saturated
                          |             |
                          |             |-makefile
                          |             |
                          |             |-mark_saturated.c
                          |
                          |--- IDL      IDL source code directory
                          |     |
                          |     |-make_dark.pro
                          |
                          |--- PERL     PERL source code directory
                                |
                                |-vims_cal_pipe.pl
                                |
                                |--- cal_pipe2
                                         |
                                         |-cal_pipe2.pm
                                         |
                                         |-cal_occultation.pm
                                         |
                                         |-cal_point.pm
                                         |
                                         |-dark_vis.pm
                                         |
                                         |-flat_ir2.pm
                                         |
                                         |-flat_vis2.pm
                                         |
                                         |-isis_geo.pm
                                         |
                                         |-solar_remove.pm
                                         |
                                         |-specific_energy.pm




5. Recommended DVD Drives and Driver Software


The VIMS Science Team does not have access to multiple DVD drives to
test the DVDs.  With that said the following drives and driver software
has been used to read the generated DVDs.


IBM PC/Linux (Redhat WS and Suse 9.0)
  Drive: Plextor PX-708A
  Driver: Standard driver supplied with OS.


IBM PC/Linux (Microsoft XP)
  Drive: Plextor PX-708A
  Driver: Standard driver supplied with OS.


6. Errata and Disclaimer


A cumulative list of anomalies and errors is maintained in the file
errata.txt at the root directory of this volume.  Although considerable
care has gone into making this volume, errors are both possible and likely.
Users of the data are advised to exercise the same caution as they would
when dealing with any other unknown data set.

Volumes prior to COVIMS_0007 have multiple versions of the same cubes.
As an example, COVIMS_0003 includes the following products:

     v1405647123_1.qub
     v1405647123_2.qub
     v1405647123_3.qub

Only v1405647123_3.qub should have been delivered.

Reports of errors or difficulties would be appreciated. Please contact one
of the persons listed below.


7. Contacts


For questions concerning this volume set, data products and documentation:


        John Diehl
        JPL Imaging Node
        4800 Oak Grove Drive
        Jet Propulsion Laboratory
        Pasadena, CA 91109
        (818) 354-1988


        Electronic mail address: Internet: John.M.Diehl@jpl.nasa.gov


        Rafael Alanis
        JPL Imaging Node
        4800 Oak Grove Drive
        Jet Propulsion Laboratory
        Pasadena, CA 91109
        (818) 354-8959


        Electronic mail address: Internet: Rafael.Alanis@jpl.nasa.gov


For questions concerning the generation of the VIMS products:


        Robert H. Brown
        University of Arizona
        1629 E University Blvd.
        Tucson, AZ 85721
        (520) 626-9045


        Electronic mail address: Internet: rhb@lpl.arizona.edu






